operations, academic, research and patent misuse, political infiltration and hybrid warfare tactics attributed to actors affiliated to the Chinese state increasingly undermine European security, democratic resilience, social cohesion and, critical infrastructure; whereas Jian Guo, a parliamentary assistant to Maximilian Krah, an MEP from the Alternative for Germany (AfD) party from 2019 to 2024, was convicted in September 2025 for acting as an agent for a Chinese intelligence service; AD. whereas China is the most frequent perpetrator of transnational repression, according to Freedom House; whereas Chinese diplomatic and consular networks within the EU have also been implicated in acts of transnational repression, including surveillance and intimidation of Chinese diaspora, as highlighted by the discovery of Chinese ‘overseas police stations’, thereby threatening fundamental rights in the EU; AE. whereas, despite its claims of non-interference in the domestic affairs of other states, China has repeatedly violated other states’ sovereignty; whereas in recent years, numerous Confucius Institutes in Europe, America and Australia have been closed over concerns that Beijing is using them to spread propaganda, conduct espionage, divert key technologies, and curtail freedom of expression and academic freedom, including through their ambiguous legal status and financial leverage; AF. whereas China’s innovation capacity is rising, and now includes 24 officially designated innovation clusters, three of which rank among the global top 10; whereas, through military-civil fusion, the CCP seeks to eliminate the barriers between China’s civilian research and commercial sectors and its military and defence industrial sectors; whereas its goal is to enable China to develop the most technologically advanced military in the world; whereas the CCP is also trying to attract world’s cutting-edge technologies including through opaque practices in order to achieve its military goals; whereas China’s rapidly expanding research investment poses growing challenges to the EU’s technological competitiveness and security interests; AG. whereas the ruling CCP is a totalitarian party-state which does not share the EU’s democratic values, is authoritarian domestically and is allied with several autocracies abroad that contradict and undermine universal human rights and fundamental freedoms; AH. whereas the promotion and protection of human rights, democracy and the rule of law should be at the centre of EU foreign policy; whereas the EU and China have, since 1995, formally agreed to maintain a regular Human Rights Dialogue; whereas despite the continuation of this dialogue systemic human rights violations continue unabated in China, alongside severe deterioration of fundamental freedoms in Hong Kong and Macau; whereas China is conducting crimes against humanity, involving mass detentions, the suppression of freedom of religion, and the destruction of culture against an estimated three million Uyghurs and other Turkic peoples in Xinjiang, as well as severe repression and forced assimilation in Tibet; AI. whereas China signed the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 1998 but has yet to ratify it; whereas China is nevertheless obliged to refrain from acts that would defeat the object and purpose of that treaty, pending its entry into force through ratification, in accordance with Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties;